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GSA experts regularly produce studies, analyses, and briefings for decision-makers and observers in the economic and financial world. Explore them here.
To access all of our studies, please fill out the form at the bottom of the page.
Since mid-2021, the dollar has appreciated against most other currencies around the world, driven by a combination of rising global risk aversion, better terms of trade in the United States, and the rapid tightening of U.S. monetary policy.
Massively adopted in the Gulf since the 1970s, followed by by Israel or Singapore after 2000, large-scale seawater desalination remains little developed on the African continent, with the notable exception of the Maghreb, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, South Africa.